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As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more widely used, the danger of information leakage, the danger of information leakage, data leakage and theft of the internet of things is continuous increasing, as the communication channel for data transfer is open to the public. A considerable portion of this data includes sensitive and personal information for the user and the company as well. Because of the openness, distributed nature, and lack of control over the entire IoT environment, the number of attack vectors for bad users is significant. End-users must trust the system for the IoT to become a viable service platform. Consequently, in critical infrastructures like smart home, smart city, smart healthcare, and smart industry, information security and privacy are the major concern in the Internet of Things. In this paper, we present an information concealment strategy using steganography to protect communication in critical IoT infrastructure. RGB photographs are employed as the information carrier. Deep layers of low-distortion image channels in the least significant bit (LSB) are used to hide the data to be used as a data marker. Both mathematically and experimentally, we evaluate our method. We display mathematically that the striker's analysis cannot expect the current information. The proposed strategy outperformed previous strategies in terms of imperceptibility and capacity, as well as resilience to steganalysis attacks like histogram analysis, as demonstrated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significance of predicting and managing potential risks in infrastructure projects, this issue has not received the attention from the executive authorities that it merits, and there remain numerous hazards that can have a significant negative influence on project objectives. By stressing the significance of computer programs in the production of a qualitative evaluation of risks and in designing effective treatments, this research thus intends to highlight the importance of risk management in providing a fundamental approach to successful project management. Data were gathered from existing literature addressing risk management to support this objective, as well as from in-person interviews with experts in building project design and implementation. An administrative system to be used in the qualitative assessment of risks and the development of appropriate treatments for those risks was then developed in light of the specific risks associated with the construction projects, mainly based on a questionnaire seeking advice from experts. In order to take advantage of the benefits of modern technology, a computer program was then created to apply the principles of the suggested administrative systems. The results of evaluation of the computer program and administrative system revealed that this program offers both efficiency and ease of use, contributing to increasing the efficiency of project management through qualitative assessment of risks, and allowing the straightforward selection of the best options to address each identified project risk. The nature of each project's different components ultimately led to a set of conclusions and recommendations emerging that include the fact that risk management studies enable project owners and managers to respond promptly and diligently when danger arises, as well as assisting engineers in making better decisions when managing projects that might otherwise be at risk of failing to achieve their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first step in prioritising district road maintenance is to identify the key maintenance criteria based on each road's actual condition, as retaining unsuitable and insignificant criteria and deleting more significant ones leads to inaccurate and unreliable decisions. The objective of this study was to acquire an expert consensus on the key criteria for the prioritisation of district road maintenance in the Iraqi infrastructure sector. To achieve this objective, a group of 13 specialists was assembled to assess a list of 34 district road maintenance criteria using the Fuzzy Delphi approach. These criteria were thus organised into seven groups based on their relative importance. The first group included the seven criteria deemed to be the most important: "Potholes", "Cracking", "Transverse slope", "Shoving", "Depressions", "Bumps and Sags", and "Patching and Utility Cut Patching". This study's findings should thus aid decision-makers in this sector in terms of making appropriate decisions for the prioritisation of district road maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harvesting of unused energy from roadway pavement has attracted attention due to the potential for sustainable heat during solar radiation exposure. In this study, the temperature difference between pavement surface and soil was utilized to generate electricity using thermoelectric generator (TEGs) technology. The electricity generation system consisting of a heat collector, thermoelectric generator, heat conductor, and cooling section (heatsink with cooler) was developed and fabricated. The performance of TEG system was experimented on for two different collectors (asphalt and concrete) in four days of experiments. The results show that asphalt and concrete pavement harvesting system prototypes could generate sufficient energy to run low-powered sensors used for data communications in transportation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an application of a developed methodology for the reorganization and evaluation of transport situations after the conversion of the movement of cars through a conventional three-way intersection into their movement through a roundabout. The only correct approach to improving the organization of road traffic is the correct choice of solutions for the organization and reorganization of traffic on the existing road. The research carried out is checking the improvement of the conditions, organization and safety of the traffic and whether the capacity of the intersection of a particular intersection has increased before and after its reconstruction from a three-way to a roundabout. What is specific about the developed methodology and the specific proposal for the reconstruction of an intersection is that it complies with the accepted limitations of the existing street areas and checks whether the movement of cars from all traffic flows in the busiest hours of the day in terms of traffic is unhindered. The necessary research and studies have been conducted to successfully identify and implement the most effective methods and approaches for the overall organization of road traffic and street design and reconstruction of the transport infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Busan is one of the most densely populated cities in South Korea. The huge pressure that this megacity puts on design in terms of urban regeneration promotes innovation. The purpose of this article is to examine urban rejuvenation through the prism of one particular feature: Busan's open-air traditional markets. South Korea's growth, assisted by a strong policy and backed by Chaebols, has left an unpleasant tangible legacy. When the time came for a review, the Korean government unveiled a new, more forceful policy aimed at boosting economic vitality while also preserving Korean culture. This time, legislators have not strayed from modernity's path and have opted for sustainable design. Busan is an ideal testing ground for this new strategy. In order to preserve the Busan community's cultural past, the strict principles of sustainable design are strictly adhered. Traditional markets are seen as significant public spaces that provide access to fresh produce while also serving as crucial social infrastructure. In Korea, like everywhere, these markets suffered substantial adjustments as a result of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic; however, the methodology of urban regeneration is examined in this paper from two analytical viewpoints (Malecón Boardwalk-Mexico and Saint Jeanne-d'Arc church-France) regardless of the impact of the pandemic crisis on these markets. From the bottom up, we illustrate their importance as public spaces and comment on their shifting social dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil and municipal infrastructure; water supply, distribution, and/or treatment; solid waste management, sewage disposal, and/or treatment; toll roads and bridges are all projects that are linked to society and the economy. investment in it is very important, whether it is feasible or not. it is necessary to conduct accurate and intensive studies for these vital projects. the research problem importance of a feasibility study for infrastructure projects for each of the business parties. This study aims to facilitate the feasibility study process and ease of access to information. It contains a series of detailed studies depending on the literature review in addition to conducting interviews with experts and specialists to propose a detailed framework for infrastructure projects, then a questionnaire was designed to determine the relative importance of each variable in the study to support the results using the SPSS program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railway system is essential to transportation as it transports products and passengers safely. Due to increased demand for train service, the railway track will deteriorate and fail. Frequent track inspection is necessary to ensure the safety and security of cargo and passengers and prevent losses. Traditionally, railway track inspections are carried out once every few months. It is done by a human inspector or an automated vehicle, a rare, complex operation that takes too long to find and track flaws quickly, which is far from optimal. As a result, condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance are critical because they allow railway companies to do preventative maintenance before problems and failures occur. Many sensing methods have emerged, and sensors have become much more affordable. As a result, in recent years, sophisticated monitoring equipment has been used to keep an eye on the railway track and collect data in real time. This research aims to review the critical role of wireless sensor networks in monitoring the condition of railway facilities: what kinds of sensing devices are employed in structural monitoring, and why. We will also identify their benefits and limitations. Additionally, researchers have employed AI algorithms for rail defect identification and prognosis in recent years to help the railway sector respond quickly to failures. This study also discusses the current AI techniques in diagnosing rail problems by utilizing inspection device data to create railway degradation prediction models. These models predict flaws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of procurement procedures in the Russian Federation for the construction of facilities related to transport infrastructure facilities, in particular, roads. The study showed imperfections in the legally established mechanism for evaluating construction organizations that participate in auctions as general contractors. But it is with such organizations that the customer subsequently concludes an agreement (contract). The formalism of the assessment of construction organizations leads to a low quality of construction and installation work on the construction of roads, failure to meet their deadlines, possible termination of the contract and the need to find a new supplier. The author proposed to introduce such a system of assessment criteria, which allows to take into account in maximum detail all the risks associated with the quality of construction work of a particular general contractor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the definitions of the concepts: automation, autonomy, technical means. The definition of the concept of an autonomous technical means is given. Autonomous technical means are considered as technical means with the ability to perform certain actions without human intervention. Autonomous technical means were defined as products with various degree of endurance according to a predetermined function. The analysis of legal regulation in the field of creation, implementation, use of autonomous technical means is carried out. It is concluded that there is an urgent need to create new approaches to the legal regulation of this area. The possibilities that an autonomous technical means should have for their use as a transport safety violator have been determined. Autonomous technical means with remote control technology are subdivided by the type of communication channel (mechanical, wire, radio, ultrasonic, infrared). Autonomous technical means such as unmanned aerial vehicles, RC Sports Models & Toys and Special technical means are proposed to be considered as a potential threat to transport security. A brief overview of the allocated autonomous technical means is given, as well as a comparative analysis. The comparison was made according to such characteristics as average autonomous operation time, remoteness from the operator, remoteness from the object, availability of standard means of photo/video recording, availability of standard storage medium, feedback function, availability in the market, pricing. It is concluded that the UAV is a multipurpose vehicle that can be used both for collecting data and for influencing a transport infrastructure object (can be used to destroy (attack) any targets). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive engineering geological assessment of the planned Tunnel B route within the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road project, a critical national infrastructure undertaking connecting Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta. With Tunnel B spanning 510 meters, this study aimed to inform the project's planning and implementation processes. The research encompassed geological surveys, core drilling assessments, testing of rock and soil properties, and analysis of geoelectric survey data. The findings delineate two primary geological units: completely weathered andesite and completely weathered breccia tuff. Groundwater was detected at depths ranging from 13 to 40 meters above the tunnel's intended elevation. The resistivity of rocks and soils along the tunnel route ranged from 5 to 750 Ωm, leading to the identification of six zones (A, B, C1, C2, C3, D, E, and F) with distinct geological engineering characteristics. This research offers pivotal insights essential for the effective planning and execution of the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road project. It provides crucial information regarding the geological attributes and expected tunnel behavior, ensuring the project's success and long-term sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges as a transportation infrastructure require good management for their service functions. Bridges are subject to deterioration and need maintenance strategies to prevent their failing services. The research was conducted in the Surakarta City. The city has a 10% annual growth in transportation modes and 129 bridges which must be periodically inspected/evaluated. This study uses the Bridge Management System (BMS) as a basis for detailed bridge inspection. The evaluation is carried out by dividing a bridge into five levels of elements hierarchy. The assessment criteria are measured cumulatively from the structure (S), volume (K), damage (R), function (F), and effect (P) values by weighting of 1 or 0. Observations and assessments are carried out at the 4 and 5 levels of elements, where the rest are carried out in a superposition of the elements hierarchically. The results of the 129 bridges in Surakarta City investigated with the following criteria: bridges with damaged components or no longer functioning (replacement of components/new bridges) of 1.55%; bridges with critical conditions (rehabilitation) of 8.53%; bridges with damage requiring immediate attention (repair) 34.11%; bridges with damage requiring future monitoring of 30.23%; bridges with minor damage of 11.63% and bridges with no damage of 13.95% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 10th, 2021, 3296 houses suffered light damage, 1964 houses suffered moderate damage, and 1552 houses suffered severe damage due to the earthquake that occurred in Malang, Indonesia. The iMPact on public facilities included 203 damaged schools, 16 damaged health facilities, 171 damaged places of worship, and 40 other damaged public facilities. Most of the damaged buildings were non-engineering buildings with various types of damage. In Pacitan Regency, there are many low-rise to medium-rise non-engineering buildings. In addition, Pacitan Regency has a coastline that is part of the Indonesian Ocean and is located very close to the subduction zone between the Indo-Australia plate and the Eurasian plate. The main potential sources of earthquake and tsunami events in this region are thrust systems. Seismic fragility curves play a pivotal role in the assessment of the comprehensive vulnerability of civil infrastructure to prospective seismic events, as well as in the anticipation of the consequential socioeconomic repercussions. This paper presents an analysis of the fragility of non-engineering buildings and estimates of their collapse using the finite element method. Seismic fragility analysis produces fragility curves that show the probability of structure damage under various damage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the acceleration of the urbanization process, the increase in megacities, population growth, the demand and need for public transport are increasing every year. This, in turn, leads to the need to improve the efficiency of public transport, adapt to today's times and conditions. This determines the importance of increasing the efficiency of using the existing transport infrastructure through proper planning and modeling of urban public transport. The article describes the methodology for determining passenger traffic on existing public transport routes (using the example of the city of Urganch). At the same time, the flow of passengers in urban public transport was carried out using modern information technologies by measuring at stops, in bus stations and inside public transport. As a result of the determination of passenger traffic on public transport, the districts of the city of Urganch that require improvement of transport infrastructure have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]